15第15章

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TheBureauEuropéendesUnionsdeConsommateursBEUCwasfoundedin1962asaEuropeanorganizationdedicatedtorepresentingconsumerinterestsandpromotingprotection.In1960,fivegroups?includingtheConsumersUnionUSA,theConsumers’AssociationUK,theDutchConsumers’Union,theBelgianConsumers’Association,andtheNorwegianConsumerCouncil?initiatedtheformationoftheInternationalOrganizationofConsumersUnionsIOCU.Itsmembershipcomprisesfullmembersandcorrespondingmembers;today,itencompasses169groupsfromover50countries.HeadquarteredinTheHague,itconvenestheWorldConsumerCongressbiennially.TheIOCU’sobjectivesare:1.Toactivelypromoteandfacilitateconsumerprotectionadministrationandorganization-buildinginvariousnations;2.Tofosterinternationalcooperationincomparativetestingofconsumergoodsandservices,andtofacilitatetheexchangeoftestingmethodsandinformation;3.Toadvanceinternationalcollaborationinconsumerinformation,education,andprotection,andtocollectandexchangelegaldataonconsumerprotection;4.Toaidandencourageconsumereducationandprotectionindevelopingcountries.Theorganizationplaysanincreasinglyvitalroleacrossabroadspectrumofactivities.





PriortoChina'sReformandOpening-up,thelong-standinghighlycentralizedadministrativeeconomicsystemrestrictedcommodityeconomicdevelopment.Consumerissuescanonlyarisewhenproductionandconsumptionareseparated.However,underconditionsofunderdevelopedcommodityeconomy,producerswereoftenartisansorsmallworkshopownerswhodidnotholdasignificanteconomicadvantage.Therelationshipbetweenproducersandconsumerswasviewedasreciprocalandinterchangeable,andconsumerstheoreticallyhadfullfreedomofchoice.Relianceoncivillawprinciplesregardingbreachofcontractandtortliabilitywasdeemedsufficienttoprotectconsumerinterestsandmaintainequilibrium.Consequently,adistinct"consumerissue"didnotemerge.





Startinginthelate19thcentury,profoundchangesoccurredinthesocio-economiclandscape:1.Duetotransformationsinproductionorganization,producerswerenolongerartisansbutmodernlarge-scaleenterprisesandcorporationspossessingformidableeconomicpower,placingthematadistinctadvantageinexchanges.2.Scientificandtechnologicaladvancementsrenderedproductionprocesseshighlycomplex,makingitimpossibleforconsumerstojudgeproductqualityatthepointofpurchase.3.Duetothe"distributionrevoluti