52第52章

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In1942,thefamoussciencefictionwriterIsaacAsimovputforwardtheclassic“ThreeLawsofRobotics”inhisworks,whichestablishedtheethicalcodeforrobotdesignandmanufacturingandlaidtheideologicalfoundationforthestandardizeddevelopmentofrobots.Thethreelawsare:first,arobotmaynotinjureahumanbeingor,throughinaction,allowahumanbeingtocometoharm;second,arobotmustobeytheordersgivenitbyhumanbeingsexceptwheresuchorderswouldconflictwiththeFirstLaw;third,arobotmustprotectitsownexistenceaslongassuchprotectiondoesnotconflictwiththeFirstorSecondLaws.Later,AsimovaddedtheZerothLaw:arobotmaynotharmhumanity,orbyinaction,allowhumanitytocometoharm.Theseethicallawshavealwaysguidedtheresearchanddevelopmentofglobalrobottechnology.





Inthe1950s,withthematurityofcomputertechnologyandautomaticcontroltheory,modernrobottechnologybegantotakeshape.In1954,AmericanengineerGeorgeDevolproposedtheconceptofprogrammableindustrialrobotsandappliedforapatentforaprogrammabletransfermechanicaldevice,whichisrecognizedasthetechnicalprototypeofmodernindustrialrobots.





1.3TheInitialDevelopmentStageofIndustrialRobots1960s-1980s





In1959,GeorgeDevolandJosephEngelbergerjointlydevelopedtheworld'sfirstrealindustrialrobot,whichwasofficiallyputintouseinAmericanautomobilemanufacturingfactoriesin1961.Thisrobothasasimplemechanicalarmstructure,canrealizefixed-pointhandlingandweldingoperationsthroughpre-programmedprograms,andismainlyusedtoreplacehumansinheavy,repetitiveandhigh-riskindustrialoperations,openingtheeraofindustrialrobotapplication.





Inthe1960sand1970s,robotresearchanddevelopmentfocusedonindustrialsingle-degree-of-freedomandmulti-degree-of-freedommechanicalarms.Thetechnicalcharacteristicsofthisstagearesinglefunction,fixedprogram,noenvironmentalperceptionabilityandpoorflexibility.Robotscanonlycompleterepetitivefixedactionsaccordingtopresetprograms,andcannotadapttochangingworkingenvironments.





Inthe1980s,withthedevelopmentofsensortechnologyandmicrocomputercontroltechnology,second-generationindustrialrobotsappeared.Theserobotsareequippedwithbasicsensorssuchaspositionsensors,forcesensorsandproximitysensors,whichcanperceivethestateoftheoperatingenvironmentandworkingobjects,andmakesimpleadjustmentstotheoperatingtrajectoryandforce.Theapplicationscenariosofrobotsbegantoexpandfromsingleweldingandhandlingtospraying,assembly,polishingandotherindustrialprocesses,andwerewidelypopularizedinautomobilemanufacturing,mechanicalprocessingandotherindustriesinEurope,AmericaandJapan.





1.4TheRapidDevelopmentStageofIntelligentRobots1990s-2010





Inthe1990s,artificialintelligencetechnology,computervisiontechnologyandmulti-sensorfusiontechnologymadebreakthroughprogress,androbottechnologyenteredtheintelligentupgradingstage.Third-generationintelligentrobotsbegantoappear,whichhaveindependentenvironmentalperception,autonomousdecision-making,pathplanningandadaptiveoperationcapabilities.





Duringthisperiod,humanoidrobots,mobileservicerobotsandbionicrobotshaveachievedimportantbreakthroughs.Japan,theUnitedStatesandGermanyhavebecomethemainforcesofglobalrobotresearchanddevelopment.Japanesescientificresearchinstitutionshavedevelopedaseriesofhigh-precisionhumanoidrobotswithwalking,dancingandinteracti