11第11章

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Chapter1TheProposalandDevelopmentofEcologicalCivilization





I.TheOriginofEcologicalCivilization





1.WhatisCivilization?





DefinitionfromXinhuaDictionary:





Thesumtotalofwealthcreatedbyhumanlaborandwisdomthroughoutthelongcourseofhistoricaldevelopment.





Itsfunctionsaretwofold:first,topursueindividualmoralperfection;second,tosafeguardpublicinterestsandsocialorder.





DefinitionfromOxfordDictionary:





First,itreferstoarelativelyadvancedstageinthedevelopmentofhumansociety,beginningafterhumanityemergedfromignoranceandbarbarism,evolvingintoanurban-linkedlifestylecharacterizedbyetiquette.





Second,itdescribesastateofrefinedpersonalbehavior.





Etymology:Therootof"Civilization"civilsharesthesameoriginastheLatinwordcivitas,meaning"city."





CriteriafortheEmergenceofHumanCivilization:





*Theappearanceofcities





*Theemergenceofwriting





*Theestablishmentofstatesystems





TheStartingPointofHumanCivilization:TheSumeriansestablishednumerouscity-statesanddevelopedwritinginthe"Mesopotamia"regionbetweentheEuphratesandTigrisriversaround4000BCE,markingthedawnofhumancivilization.





2.TheEvolutionofHumanCivilization





1PrimitiveCivilization





*Thelongesterainthehistoryofhumancivilization.





*Survivalwasconstrainedbynature;humanspassivelyadaptedtoandblindlyworshippednature.





*Productivitylevelswerelow;toolsincludedstoneimplements,bowsandarrows,andfire-makingbydrillingwood.





*Subsistencereliedmainlyonfishingandhunting,directlyutilizingnaturalorganismsaslivingresources.





2AgriculturalCivilization





*Alsoknownasthe"YellowCivilization,"termedtheFirstWavebyAlvinToffler.





*Humansbegantoactivelyunderstand,modify,andutilizenature,cultivatingcropsanddomesticatinganimals.





*Simpleproductiontoolsandtechnologiesemerged;productionactivitiescenteredonfarmingandanimalhusbandry.





*Activitiessuchasdeforestationandlandreclamationincreasedsoilerosion.However,natureremaineddominant,andthenaturalecologicalbalancehadnotyetbeenfundamentallydisrupted.





3IndustrialCivilization





*Alsoknownasthe"BlackCivilization,"termedtheSecondWavebyAlvinToffler.





*Industrialmanufacturingreplacedtraditionalagricultureandworkshops.





*Itisbasedonhumancreativityandsurvivalneeds,withafundamentalvalueorientationofconqueringnature.





*Therelationshipbetweenhumansandnatureischaracterizedbyconquestandbeingconquered,plunderandbeingplundered,exploitationandutilization.





*Whilebringingunprecedentedmaterialenjoyment,italsoledtosevereenvironmentaldamageandresourcecrises.Naturalecosystemsfelloutofbalance,becomingincapableofself-restoration,leadingtointensifiednaturaldisasters.





II.EnvironmentalProblemsBroughtbyIndustrialCivilization





1.GlobalWarming





*Overthepastcentury,theglobalaveragetemperaturehasshownanupwardtrendamidstfluctuationsbetweenwarmandcol